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Corrosion: understanding the basics
Publisher
ASM International
Publication Date
2000.
Language
English
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Embry Riddle Aero University - CIRCCOLL - Circulating Collection
TA462.C668 2000
1 available
TA462.C668 2000
1 available
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Contributors
ISBN
9780871706416
Description
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Table of Contents
From the Book - Regular Print
Chapter 1 Effects and Economic Impact of Corrosion 1 --
Definition of Corrosion 2 --
Effects of Corrosion 3 --
Many Forms of Corrosion 4 --
Methods to Control Corrosion 6 --
Material Selection 6 --
Coatings 7 --
Inhibitors 8 --
Cathodic Protection 8 --
Design 8 --
Opportunities in Corrosion Control 9 --
Economic Impact of Corrosion 10 --
Sources of Information 14 --
Appendix Addresses of Trade Associations and Technical Societies Involved with Corrosion 17 --
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts Important to Corrosion 21 --
Behavior of a Metal in an Environment 21 --
Four Requirements of a Corrosion Cell 23 --
Metal Characteristics Important to Corrosion 25 --
Metallurgical Characteristics 25 --
Inherent Reactivity 35 --
Formation of Corrosion Products 37 --
Important Solution Characteristics 38 --
Corrosion Rate Expressions and Allowances 45 --
Chapter 3 Principles of Aqueous Corrosion 49 --
Thermodynamics of Aqueous Corrosion 50 --
Corrosion Reactions and Free-Energy Change 50 --
Free Energy and Electrochemical Potential 53 --
Tendency for Metals to Corrode 55 --
Effect of Ionic Concentration on Electrode Potential 56 --
Electromotive Force Series 59 --
Galvanic Series 60 --
Standard Electrode Potentials for Other Reactions 62 --
Potential-pH Diagrams: General Aspects 62 --
Potential-pH Diagrams for Specific Metals 67 --
Strategies for Corrosion Control from E-pH Diagrams 74 --
Limitations of E-pH Diagrams 76 --
Kinetics of Aqueous Corrosion 77 --
Electrochemical Reactions 77 --
Mixed-Potential Theory 79 --
Types of Polarization 82 --
Applications of Mixed-Potential Theory Diagrams 88 --
Exchange Currents 95 --
Chapter 4 Forms of Corrosion: Recognition and Prevention 99 --
Uniform Corrosion 100 --
Pitting Corrosion 102 --
Crevice Corrosion 107 --
Tuberculation 114 --
Deposit Corrosion 118 --
Filiform Corrosion 122 --
Poultice Corrosion 125 --
Galvanic Corrosion 125 --
Galvanic Series 126 --
Polarization 129 --
Factors Influencing Galvanic Corrosion Behavior 129 --
Situations That Promote Galvanic Attack 130 --
Prevention of Galvanic Corrosion 133 --
Erosion-Corrosion 134 --
General Description 134 --
Critical Factors Influencing Erosion-Corrosion 137 --
Prevention of Erosion-Corrosion 144 --
Cavitation 146 --
Fretting Corrosion 149 --
Intergranular Corrosion 151 --
Intergranular Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels 152 --
Intergranular Corrosion of Other Alloy Systems 155 --
Exfoliation 157 --
Dealloying Corrosion 158 --
Dezincification 158 --
Graphitic Corrosion 162 --
Stress-Corrosion Cracking 164 --
Corrosion Fatigue 175 --
Hydrogen Damage 180 --
Hydrogen Embrittlement 180 --
Hydrogen-Induced Blistering 184 --
Cracking from Precipitation of Internal Hydrogen 185 --
Hydrogen Attack 186 --
Hydride Formation 187 --
Prevention of Hydrogen Damage 188 --
Liquid-Metal Embrittlement 189 --
Chapter 5 Types of Corrosive Environments 193 --
Characteristics of Corrosive Environments 194 --
Biologically Influenced Corrosion 199 --
Industries and Organisms Involved 200 --
Tuberculation 203 --
Prevention of MIC 204 --
Atmospheric Corrosion 205 --
Underground/Soil Corrosion 211 --
Factors Affecting Underground/Soil Corrosion 211 --
Types of Underground/Soil Corrosion 213 --
Corrosion Control 215 --
Natural and Treated Waters 216 --
Understanding Corrosion in Acids 217 --
Corrosion by Sulfuric Acid 220 --
Materials Selection Guidelines for Sulfuric Acid 220 --
Use of Steel in Sulfuric Acid 221 --
Use of Cast Irons in Sulfuric Acid 223 --
Use of Stainless Steels in Sulfuric Acid 223 --
Use of Nickel Alloys in Sulfuric Acid 224 --
Other Metals Used in Sulfuric Acid 225 --
Nonmetallic Materials Used in Sulfuric Acid 225 --
Corrosion by Nitric Acid 226 --
Materials Selection Guidelines for Nitric Acid 227 --
Corrosion by Hydrochloric Acid 227 --
Materials Selection Guidelines for Hydrochloric Acid 228 --
Corrosion by Hydrogen Fluoride and Hydrofluoric Acid 228 --
Materials Selection Guidelines for Hydrofluoric Acid 229 --
Corrosion by Phosphoric Acid 230 --
Materials Selection Guidelines for Phosphoric Acid 231 --
Corrosion by Organic Acids 231 --
Acetic Acid 232 --
Other Organic Acids 234 --
Corrosion by Alkalis 234 --
Materials Selection Guidelines for Alkalis 234 --
Chapter 6 Corrosion Characteristics of Structural Materials 237 --
Carbon Steels 238 --
Corrosive Service 238 --
Protection of Steel from Corrosion 239 --
Weathering Steels 242 --
Alloy Steels 244 --
Cast Irons 244 --
Commercially Available Cast Irons 245 --
Graphitic Corrosion 246 --
Stainless Steels 247 --
Stainless Steel Families 247 --
Mechanism of Corrosion Resistance 252 --
Forms of Corrosion of Stainless Steels 253 --
Corrosion in Various Applications 256 --
Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloys 259 --
Effects of Major Alloying Elements 260 --
Chemical-Processing Applications 262 --
Seawater Applications 263 --
Applications in Pulp and Paper Mills 264 --
Flue Gas Desulfurization Applications 265 --
Sour Gas Applications 265 --
High-Temperature Applications 265 --
Copper and Copper-Base Alloys 266 --
Effects of Alloy Composition 267 --
Types of Attack 269 --
Applications of Copper-Base Alloys 269 --
Aluminum and Aluminum-Base Alloys 270 --
Effects of Alloy Composition 271 --
Modes of Corrosion That Attack Aluminum 272 --
Corrosion Protection of Aluminum 275 --
Applications of Aluminum-Base Alloys 277 --
Titanium and Titanium-Base Alloys 278 --
Mechanism of Corrosion Resistance 279 --
Modes of Corrosion That Attack Titanium 280 --
Corrosion Protection of Titanium 281 --
Applications of Titanium-Base Alloys 281 --
Zinc and Zinc-Base Alloys 282 --
Magnesium and Magnesium-Base Alloys 282 --
Lead and Lead Alloys 284 --
Tin and Tin-Base Alloys 286 --
Zirconium and Zirconium-Base Alloys 287 --
Tantalum 287 --
Niobium and Niobium-Base Alloys 288 --
Cobalt-Base Alloys 289 --
Polymers 289 --
Types of Polymers 290 --
Properties of Polymers 290 --
Environmental Degradation of Polymers 291 --
Ceramics 295 --
Other Nonmetallic Materials 297 --
Rubber 297 --
Carbon and Graphite 299 --
Woods 299 --
Chapter 7 Corrosion Control by Proper Design 301 --
Design as a Process 302 --
Design Team 302 --
Steps in the Design Process 303 --
General Considerations in Corrosion-Control Design 303 --
Design Details that Accelerate Corrosion 308 --
Design Solutions for Specific Forms of Corrosion 320 --
Corrosion Allowance 324 --
Design Considerations for Using Weathering Steels 325 --
Failures Involving Corrosion of Structural Steel 326 --
Chapter 8 Corrosion Control by Materials Selection 331 --
Elements of the Materials Selection Process 333 --
Materials Considerations 341 --
Selecting Materials to Avoid or Minimize Corrosion 349 --
General Corrosion 353 --
Localized Corrosion 358 --
Chapter 9 Corrosion Control by Protective Coatings and Inhibitors 363 --
Organic Coatings and Linings 364 --
Design and Selection of a Coating System 365 --
Surface Preparation 367 --
Inspection and Quality Assurance 369 --
Coating and Lining Materials 371 --
Environmental, Health, and Safety Considerations 379 --
Metallic Coatings 382 --
Electroplated Coatings 382 --
Electroless Nickel Plating 386 --
Hot-Dip Coatings 387 --
Thermal Spray Coatings 391 --
Clad Metals 392 --
Pack Cementation 394 --
Vapor-Deposited Coatings 395 --
Surface Modification 395 --
Nonmetallic Inorganic Coatings 396 --
Concrete and Cementatious Coatings and Linings 397 --
Porcelain Enamels 398 --
Conversion Coatings 399 --
Aluminum Anodizing 401 --
Inhibitors 401 --
Types of Inhibitors 402 --
Biocides 404 --
Application of Inhibitors 405 --
Chapter 10 Corrosion Control by Cathodic and Anodic Protection 407 --
Cathodic Protection 407 --
How Cathodic Protection Works 408 --
Types of Cathodic Protection 410 --
Anode Materials 411 --
Criteria for Cathodic Protection 414 --
Problems with Cathodic Protection 415 --
Applications of Cathodic Protection 417 --
Anodic Protection 422 --
Concept of Anodic Protection 422 --
Equipment Required for Anodic Protection 423 --
Applications of Anodic Protection 425 --
Chapter 11 Corrosion Testing and Monitoring 427 --
Classification of Corrosion Testing 427 --
Purposes of Corrosion Tests 429 --
Steps in a Corrosion Test Program 430 --
Preparation and Cleaning of Test Speciments 432 --
Specific Types of Laboratory Tests 433 --
Simulated Atmosphere Tests 434 --
Salt-Spray Testing 435 --
Immersion Tests 438 --
Field Tests 441 --
Atmospheric Tests 442 --
Electrochemical Tests 448 --
Electrochemical Test Classification 448 --
Reference Electrode 449 --
Types of Electrochemical Measurements 451 --
Applications of Electrochemical Tests 456 --
Corrosion Monitoring 467 --
Selecting a Corrosion-Monitoring Method 470 --
Strategies in Corrosion Monitoring 472 --
Chapter 12 Techniques for Diagnosis of Corrosion Failures 475 --
Factors That Influence Corrosion Failures 475 --
Analysis of Corrosion Failures 481 --
Collection of Background Data 482 --
On-Site Examination 483 --
On-Site Sampling 483 --
Preliminary Laboratory Examination 484 --
Microscopic Examination 485 --
Chemical Analysis 486 --
Bulk Material Analysis 488 --
Nondestructive Evaluation 489 --
Corrosion Testing 490 --
Mechanical Testing 491 --
Analyzing the Evidence, Formulating Conclusions, and Writing the Report 492.
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