Conventions used in this book
How this book is organized
Part 1: Covering The Basics In Thermodynamics
Part 2: Employing The Laws Of Thermodynamics
Part 3: Planes, Trains, And Automobiles: Making Heat Work For You
Part 5: Handling Thermodynamic Relationships, Reactions, And Mixtures
Part 1: Covering The Basics In Thermodynamics:
Thermodynamics in everyday life:
Examining energy's changing forms
Watching energy and work in action
Engines: letting energy do work
Refrigeration: letting work move heat
Getting into real gases, gas mixtures, and combustion reactions
Discovering old names and new ways of saving energy
Laying the foundation of thermodynamics:
Defining important thermodynamic properties
Eyeing general measurement basics
Understanding thermodynamic processes
Creating a path for a process
Finding the state at each end of a path: the state postulate
Connecting processes to make a cycle
Discovering nature's law and order on temperature, energy, and entropy
Zeroth law on temperature
First law on energy conservation
Third law on absolute zero
Working with phases and properties of substances:
It's just a phase; describing solids, liquids, and gases
Knowing how phase changes occur
From compressed liquid to saturated liquid
From saturated liquid to saturated vapor
From saturated vapor to superheated vapor
Finding thermodynamic properties from tables
Figuring out linear interpolation
Good gases have ideal behavior
Work and heat go together like macaroni and cheese:
Figuring out boundary work
Heating things up, cooling things down
Cooling off with condensers
Chilling with evaporators
Part 2: Employing The Laws Of Thermodynamics:
Using the first law in closed systems:
Conserving mass in a closed system
Balancing energy in a closed system
Applying the first law to ideal-gas processes
Working with constant volume
Working with constant pressure
Working with constant temperature
Working with an adiabatic process
Applying the first law to processes with liquids and solids
Using the first law in open systems:
Conserving mass in an open system
Defining mass and volumetric flow rates
Applying conservation of mass to a system
Balancing mass and energy in a system
When time stands still: the steady state process
Using the first law on four common open-system processes
Flowing through nozzles and diffusers
Working with pumps, compressors, and turbines
Moving energy with heat exchangers
Reducing pressure with throttling valves
When time is of the essence: the transient process
Making assumptions for the energy balance
Analyzing a transient process
Governing heat engines and refrigerators with the second law:
Looking at the impact of the second law
Defining thermal energy reservoirs
Parameters of a thermal reservoir
Considering highs and lows
Working with the Kelvin-Planck statement on heat engines
Characterizing heat engines
Determining thermal efficiency
Chilling with the Claudius statement on refrigeration
Characterizing refrigerators
Finding the coefficient of performance
Entropy is the demise of the universe:
Taking a microscopic view of entropy
Looking at entropy on a macroscopic level
Coping with the increase in entropy principle
Working with T-s diagrams
Calculating entropy change
Analyzing isentropic processes
Using constant specific heat
Using relative pressure and relative volume
Balancing entropy in a system
Analyzing systems using the second law of thermodynamics:
Measuring work potential with energy availability
Calculating availability in closed systems
Calculating availability in open systems with steady flow
Calculating availability in open systems with transient flow
Balancing the availability of a system
Transferring availability using work processes
Transferring availability with heat transfer processes
Transferring availability with mass flow
Understanding the decrease in availability principle
Figuring out reversible work and irreversibility
Calculating the second-law efficiency of a system.
Part 3: Planes, Trains, and Automobiles: Making Heat Work For You:
Working with Carnot and Brayton cycles:
Analyzing the ideal heat engine: the Carnot cycle
Examining the four processes in a Carnot cycle
Calculating Carnot efficiency
Working with the ideal gas turbine engine: the Brayton cycle
Examining the four processes in a Brayton cycle
Analyzing the Brayton cycle
Determining Brayton cycle efficiency
Calculating Brayton cycle irreversibility
Improving the Brayton cycle with regeneration
Adding intercooling and reheating to the Brayton cycle
Looking at how intercooling and reheating affect the Brayton cycle
Analyzing the effects of intercooling and reheating
Deviating from Ideal Behavior: actual Brayton cycle performance
Flying the Brayton cycle in jet propulsion
Seeing what happens in an ideal turbojet cycle
Analyzing the jet engine cycle
Working with Otto and Diesel cycles:
Understanding the basics of reciprocating engines
Working with the ideal spark ignition engine: the Otto cycle
Calculating Otto cycle efficiency
Calculating Otto cycle irreversibility
Working with the ideal compression ignition engine: the diesel cycle
Examining the four processes in a Diesel cycle
Analyzing the diesel cycle
Calculating diesel cycle efficiency
Calculating diesel cycle irreversibility
Working with Rankine Cycles:
Understanding the basics of the Rankine Cycle
Examining the four processes of the Rankine Cycle
Analyzing the cycle using steam tables
Calculating Rankine cycle efficiency
Calculating Rankine cycle irreversibility
Improving the Rankine Cycle with reheat
Improving the Rankine Cycle with regeneration
Deviating from ideal behavior: actual Rankine Cycle performance
Cooling off with Refrigeration Cycles:
Understanding the basics of refrigeration cycles
Chilling with the reverse Brayton Cycle
Examining the four processes of the reverse Brayton Cycle
Analyzing the cycle with constant specific heat
Calculating the reverse Brayton Cycle coefficient of performance
Calculating irreversibility for Brayton's refrigerator
Cooling with the Vapor-compression refrigerator
Examining the four processes in a vapor-compression refrigerator
Analyzing the cycle with refrigerant property tables
Calculating the vapor-compression refrigerator coefficient of performance
Calculating vapor-compression refrigerator irreversibility
Warming up with heat pumps
Examining the four processes in a heat pump
Calculating the heat pump coefficient of performance
Calculating heat pump irreversibility
Part 5: Handling Thermodynamic Relationships, Reactions, And Mixtures:
Understanding the behavior of real gases:
Deviating from ideal-gas behavior: real-gas behavior
Determining properties with the compressibility factor
Using reduced temperature and pressure
Using pseudo-reduced volume
Finding pressure with van der Waals
Mixing gases that don't react with each other:
Determining thermodynamic properties for a mixture of gases
Using mass and molar fractions for gas mixtures
Finding properties of a gas mixture
Getting the compressibility factor for real-gas mixtures
Making assumptions for mixture compressibility factors
Finding compressibility factors with Amagat's law
Finding compressibility factors with Dalton's law
Calculating compressibility factors with Kay's rule
Working with psychrometrics: air and water vapor mixtures
Finding the wet-bulb temperature with a sling psychrometer
It's muggy out there: calculating specific and relative humidity
My glasses are fogging up: defining the dew point
Working out problems with temperature and humidity
Using the psychrometric chart
Making life comfortable with air conditioning
Heating and humidifying the air
Cooling and dehumidifying the air
Burning up with combustion:
Forming combustion reaction equations
Figuring out how much air you need: writing stoichiometric reaction equations
Accounting for excess air in combustion
Defining combustion-related themodynamic properties
Using the first law of thermodynamics on steady-flow combustion systems
Analyzing an example steady-flow system
Using the first law of thermodynamics on closed combustion systems
Analyzing an example closed system
Ouch! That's hot: determining the adiabatic flame temperature figuring out an example adiabatic flame temperature
Ten famous names in thermodynamics:
Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
William John Macquorn Rankine
William Thomson or Lord Kelvin