1.3 Basic Waveform Analysis 4 --
1.4 R and K of the Current Waveform 7 --
1.5 Basic Design Procedure for Inductors 9 --
1.6 Calculating RMS Current for Capacitors 10 --
1.7 Topologies and Worst-Case Capacitor Currents 11 --
1.8 Worst-Case Input Voltage for a Power Supply 13 --
1.9 Using Too High an Inductance (small r) 15 --
1.10 Flat-Top Approximation 16 --
1.11 Tolerance of Set Output Voltage 20 --
1.12 Preferred Resistor Values 23 --
1.13 Optimum Divider Selection 25 --
Chapter 2. DC-DC Converters and Their Configurations 31 --
2.2 What is Ground? 32 --
2.3 N-switch and P-switch 33 --
2.5 Configurations of Switching Regulator Topologies 36 --
2.6 Basic Types of Switcher ICs 38 --
2.7 Flyback/Buck-Boost/Boost ICs Compared 40 --
2.8 Other Possible Applications of Buck and Buck-Boost ICs 42 --
2.9 Some Practical Cases 51 --
2.10 Differential Voltage Sensing 55 --
2.11 Some Topology Nuances 56 --
2.12 Composite Topologies 58 --
Chapter 3. Reference Equations and Graphs for Converter Design 61 --
3.1 Defining Difference between the Topologies 61 --
3.2 Definition of Current Ripple Ratio 61 --
3.3 Graphical Tools for Inductor Selection 62 --
3.4 Design Equations Table 66 --
Chapter 4. Discontinuous Conduction Mode Equations 69 --
4.2 How DCM Equations Are Calculated 71 --
4.3 Duty Cycle Equations 75 --
Chapter 5. Front-End of Off-Line Power Supplies 77 --
5.1 Conventional Front-End Design 77 --
5.2 Front-End with PFC 87 --
Chapter 6. Isolated Topologies for Off-line Applications 109 --
6.1 Forward Converter 109 --
6.2 Flyback Topology 114 --
Chapter 7. Concepts in Magnetics 153 --
7.1 Basic Magnetic Concepts and Definitions (MKS Units) 153 --
7.2 Inductor Equation 154 --
7.3 Voltage-Independent Equation 155 --
7.4 Voltage-Dependent Equation 157 --
7.5 Units in Magnetics 161 --
7.6 Magnetomotive Force (mmf) Equation 163 --
7.7 Effective Area and Effective Length 165 --
7.8 Effect of the Air Gap 166 --
7.10 Origin and Significance of z 169 --
7.11 Relating B to H 171 --
7.13 Energy Storage Considerations 172 --
7.14 How an Air Gap Helps 176 --
7.15 Understanding L 178 --
7.16 Difference between an Inductor and (Flyback) Transformer 180 --
7.18 Fringing Flux Correction 185 --
Chapter 8. Tapped-Inductor Topologies 191 --
8.1 Tapped-Inductor Buck 191 --
8.2 Other Tapped-Inductor Stages and Duty Cycle 196 --
Chapter 9. Selecting Inductors for DC-DC Converters 199 --
9.2 Specifying the Current Ripple Ratio r 202 --
9.3 Mapping the Inductor 203 --
9.5 Choosing r and L 205 --
9.6 B in Terms of Current 208 --
9.7 A Feel for Core Loss Optimization by Understanding Variations 210 --
9.9 Choosing an Inductor 215 --
9.10 Evaluating the Inductor in Our Application 216 --
Chapter 10. Flyback Transformer Design 223 --
10.1 Design Equations 223 --
10.3 Some Finer Points of Optimization 230 --
10.4 Rule of Thumb for Quick Selection of Flyback Transformer Cores 231 --
10.6 Circular mils (cmils) 234 --
10.7 Current Carrying Capacity of Wires 235 --
10.9 A Feel for Wire Gauges 242 --
10.10 Diameter of Coated Wire 244 --
10.11 SWG Comparison 245 --
Chapter 11. Forward Converter Magnetics Design 249 --
11.2 Transformer and Choke Compared 249 --
11.3 Introducing the Proximity Effect 253 --
11.4 More about Skin Depth 254 --
11.5 Dowell's Equations 256 --
11.6 Equivalent Foil Transformation 263 --
11.7 Some Useful Equations for Quick Selection of Forward Converter Cores 265 --
11.8 Stacking Wires and Bundles 268 --
11.9 Core Loss Calculations 269 --
Chapter 12. PCBs and Layout 273 --
12.2 Trace Analysis 273 --
12.4 Routing the Feedback Trace 279 --
12.6 Some Manufacturing Issues 282 --
12.7 PCB Vendors and Gerber Files 285 --
Chapter 13. Thermal Management 287 --
13.2 Thermal Measurements and Efficiency Estimates 288 --
13.3 Equations of Natural Convection 290 --
13.4 Historical Definitions 291 --
13.5 Available Equations 292 --
13.6 Manipulating the Equations 294 --
13.7 Comparing the Two Standard Equations 295 --
13.8 h from Thermodynamic Theory 296 --
13.9 Working with the Tables of the Standard Equations 297 --
13.10 PCBs for Heatsinking 301 --
13.11 Natural Convection at an Altitude 303 --
13.12 Forced Air Cooling 303 --
13.13 Radiative Heat Transfer 305 --
Chapter 14. Stabilizing Current Mode Converters 309 --
14.2 Why Slope Compensation? 312 --
14.3 Generalized Rule for Avoiding Subharmonic Instability 316 --
Chapter 15. Practical EMI Filter Design 319 --
15.1 CISPR 22 Standard 319 --
15.3 Fourier Series 321 --
15.5 Practical DM Filter Design 323 --
15.6 Practical CM Filter Design 326 --
Chapter 16. Things to Try 331 --
16.2 Synchronizing two 3844 ICs 331 --
16.3 A Self-Oscillating Low-Cost Standby/Auxiliary Power Supply 332 --
16.4 An Adapter with Battery Charging Function 334 --
16.5 Paralleling Bridge Rectifiers 335 --
16.6 Self-Contained Inrush Protection Circuit 335 --
16.7 Cheap Power Good Signal 336 --
16.8 An Overcurrent Protection Circuit 336 --
16.9 Another Overcurrent Protection Circuit 337 --
16.10 Adding Overtemperature Protection to the 384x Series 337 --
16.11 Turn-On Snubber for PFC 338 --
16.12 A Unique Active Inrush Protection Circuit 339 --
16.13 Floating Drive from a 384x Controller 340 --
16.14 Floating Buck Topology 340 --
16.15 Symmetrical Boost Topology 341 --
16.16 A Slave Converter 342 --
16.17 A Boost Preregulator with a Regulated Auxiliary Output 343 --
Chapter 17. Reliability, Testing, and Safety Issues 345 --
17.2 Reliability Definitions 345 --
17.3 Chi-Square Distribution 347 --
17.4 Chargeable Failures 349 --
17.5 Warranty Costs 350 --
17.6 Calculating Reliability 351 --
17.7 Testing and Qualifying Power Supplies 352 --
17.8 Safety Issues 354 --
17.9 Calculating Working Voltage 357 --
17.10 Estimating Capacitor Life 361 --
17.11 Safety Restrictions on the Total Y-Capacitance 369 --
17.12 Safety and the 5-cent Zener 370.